Treatment for Recurrent Miscarraiges

CURRICULAM : C - Circlage operation (shirodkar's and McDonald's operation) U - Ultrasound R - Rest R - Reassurance and tender loving care I - Inherited thrombophilias treatment (Heparin) C - chromosomal anamolies detection (amniocentesis) U - Unexplained causes L - Luteal phase defect treatment (progesterone and hCG therapy) A - Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome treatment (aspirin and heparin) M - medical complications like hemoglobinopathies, cyanotic heart diseases, SLE etc treamte...

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Risk factors for Ectopic pregnancy

CAP2I2T3A C - Contraceptive failure A - Abortion (previous) P - PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)and Salphingitis P -Previous ectopic pregnancy I - IUD use I - Infertility T - Tubal ligation T - Tubal reconstructive surgery T -  Tubal endometriosis A - ART use...

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CANDIDA ALBICANS - virtually all of us play host to it!!!

Facts :         - Its a yeast infection and predominantly focuses on GI tract invasion         - People having H-pylori infection also has candida overgrowth (60%-70%)         - By age of 6 months, about 90% of the babies are positive for candida test         - And by adulthood virtually we all have become the...

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DRACUNCULUS MEDINENSIS - silent killer which remains in body silent upto 1 year !!!!!!

Facts :           - Also known as guinea worm disease (GWD)           - These are among the longest nematodes infecting humans.           - Dracunculus medinensis is one of four filarial nematodes that cause subcutaneous filariasis in humans. The other three filarial nematodes are Loa loa (the African eye worm), Mansonella streptocerca,...

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OSTEOSARCOMA - most common type of bone cancer in childrens and adult !!!

                Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in children and adolescents, and the third most common cancer in adolescence.                 Osteosarcoma is most common between the ages of 10 and 25 when the bones are rapidly growing Risk factors :        ...

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ROUND WORM - infects 1 in every 4 persons in world!!!!!!

Roundworms are one of the most common species of intestinal parasites in the world Also known as Ascaris lumbricoides Facts :             - The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 25% of the world's population are infected with roundworm.             - Female round worm ranges from 16cm to 33 cm and can grow up to the size...

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ADIPOSE TISSUE - good or bad

Introduction : In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow) and in breast tissue. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Adipose tissue contains several cell types, with the highest percentage of cells being adipocytes, which contain fat droplets. Other cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages,...

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CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS - why 1 out of 7,000 people develop pyelonephritis each year in the US

Introduction :              One of the most common renal diseases, acute pyelonephritis is a sudden inflammation caused by bacteria.It is characterized by renal inflammation and fibrosis induced by recurrent or persistent renal infection, vesicoureteral reflux, or other causes of urinary tract obstruction. Occurs almost exclusively in patients with major anatomic anomalies, most commonly...

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SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR - fungi growing agent

         Sabouraud agar medium was developed by the French dermatologist Raymond J. A. Sabouraud in the late 1800’s to support the growth of fungi that cause infection of the skin, hair, or nails, collectively referred to as dermatophytes  Sabouraud dextrose agar is used for growing fungi. It is recommended for skin and nail fungi, as well as other species that are human pathogens Ingredients...

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ESOPHAGOSCOPE (ENT)

Definition : instrument used for the examination of esophagus Procedure :  uses an esophagoscope, which is a thin tube with a light and camera on the end that is fed through the mouth to the esophagus, performed with a local anesthetic, although it is virtually painless Indications :          - General : for diagnostic observation                          ...

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TCBS CULTURE (microbiology)

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Sucrose Agar (TCBS) proposed by NAKANISHI (1962), modified by KOBAYASHI et al. (1963). Use :  isolation and selective cultivation of Vibrio cholera and other enteropahtogenic vibrios Preparation Suspend 88 g/liter and pour plates. Do not autoclave. pH: 8.6 ± 0.2 at 25°C. The plates are clear and green-blue. Appearance of colonies                                                                     ...

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CARCINOMA OF BREAST (pathology)

Types :         - ductal carcinoma         - lobular carcinoma Causes :         - age :- women more than 50 years         - sex :- women are 100 times more prone than males         - family history of breast cancer and genetic influence        ...

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RHIZOPUS SPECIES (microbiology)

Disease caused mucormycosis Clinical presentation :        - Rhino-cerebral disease :- unilateral, retro-orbital headache, facial pain, numbness, fever, hyposmia, and nasal stuffiness        - pulmonary disease :- fever, dyspnea, and cough occasionally hemoptysis cutaneous disease :- progressive black necrotic lesion        - GI disease :- abdominal pain,...

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ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (pathology)

Definition :         - disease of kidney characterized by inflammation of glomeruli Causes :         - post streptococcal glomerulonephritis         - tuberculosis, syphilis         - injecting illegal drugs         - bacterial endocarditis        ...

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CARCINOMA STOMACH (pathology)

     Risk factors :         -  helicobactor pylori infection         - stomach lymphoma         - age after 50 years         - more common in males         - more common in Japan, China, Southern and Eastern Europe, and South and Central America         -...

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